Fundamental Rights & Duties

(1) Right to Equality (Articles 14-18), (2) Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22), (3) Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24), (4) Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28), (5) Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30), and (6) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32). Ambedkar called Article 32 the 'Heart and Soul' of the Constitution

Fundamental Rights are negative rights (they tell the state what NOT to do). They can be suspended during Emergency except Articles 20 and 21. They are not absolute - reasonable restrictions can be imposed. Some rights like Article 19 are available only to citizens, while others like Article 14 are available to all persons including foreigners

Remember 'REFCCC' - Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural rights, Constitutional Remedies. For Articles: 14-18 (Equality), 19-22 (Freedom), 23-24 (Exploitation), 25-28 (Religion), 29-30 (Culture), 32 (Remedies).

Students confuse which rights are available to citizens only vs all persons. Remember this trick - Rights that involve political participation (like voting, speech, assembly) are for citizens only. Basic human rights (life, equality before law) are for all persons including foreigners. Another major mistake is mixing up amendment numbers. 42nd Amendment added Fundamental Duties, 44th Amendment restored some rights post-Emergency. The 86th Amendment added the 11th duty about education of children aged 6-14 years.