The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country, while High Courts serve as the highest courts in states and union territories. Understanding their composition, powers, and functions is crucial for SSC CGL exams.
The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and up to 33 other judges (total 34). Originally, it had 8 judges including the Chief Justice.
Judges are appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice and other judges. They retire at age 65. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the administrative head.
High Courts have a Chief Justice and other judges as determined by the President.
High Court judges retire at age 62. Currently, there are 25 High Courts in India. Some High Courts have jurisdiction over multiple states (like Guwahati High Court covers 4 states).
Key Powers and Jurisdiction:
Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction.
Original jurisdiction includes disputes between states or between center and states. Appellate jurisdiction covers appeals from High Courts. Advisory jurisdiction means the President can seek its opinion on constitutional matters.
The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution and fundamental rights.
High Courts have original jurisdiction in their territorial limits and appellate jurisdiction over subordinate courts. They can issue writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto.