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Forex & International Banking

SBI Clerk · Banking Awareness

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← Payment Systems — UPI, RTGS, NEFT

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Core Concept

Read this first — the foundation of the topic

→Exchange Rate Types

• Direct Quote: Foreign currency is fixed; home currency changes

✏️Example

1 USD = 83 INR (India uses this). • Indirect Quote: Home currency is fixed; foreign currency changes

✏️Example

1 INR = 0.012 USD. 2

📋Bid Rate vs Ask Rate

• Bid Rate = Rate at which bank BUYS foreign currency from you. • Ask Rate = Rate at which bank SELLS foreign currency to you. • Ask Rate is always HIGHER than Bid Rate. The difference is called the Spread. 3

→Spot Rate vs Forward Rate

• Spot Rate = Exchange rate for immediate delivery (within 2 business days). • Forward Rate = Exchange rate agreed today for a future date. Used to manage currency risk. 4

→Currency Appreciation vs Depreciation

1

Identify values. Forward Rate = 83.64, Spot Rate = 82, n = 3 months

2

Apply formula. Forward Premium (%) = [(83.64 - 82) / 82] x (12/3) x 100

3

Solve bracket. 83.64 - 82 = 1.64 1.64 / 82 = 0.02

4

Multiply. 0.02 x 4 x 100 = 8% Answer: USD is at an 8% forward premium over INR. This means USD is expected to strengthen against INR. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ COMMON MISTAKE ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Students confuse 'Rupee Depreciation' with 'Rupee getting stronger.' Remember: if MORE rupees are needed to buy 1 dollar, the rupee is WEAKER (depreciated). Exports become cheaper; imports become costlier when INR depreciates.

🔑 Key Points

Forex market is the world's LARGEST financial market, operating 24x5 globally.
In India, forex is regulated by RBI under FEMA, 1999 (replaced FERA, 1973).
Direct Quote = 1 unit of foreign currency in home currency terms (e.g., 1 USD = 83 INR).
Ask Rate > Bid Rate always; Spread = Ask Rate minus Bid Rate (bank's profit).
NOSTRO = Indian bank's account held abroad in foreign currency.
VOSTRO = Foreign bank's account held in India in Indian Rupees.
Forward Premium (%) = [(Forward Rate - Spot Rate) / Spot Rate] x (12/n) x 100.
INR Depreciation = more rupees per dollar = exports cheaper, imports costlier.

📌 Exam Facts

FEMA stands for Foreign Exchange Management Act and was enacted in 1999, replacing FERA 1973.
SWIFT stands for Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, used for international fund transfers.
NOSTRO account means 'Our account with your bank' — maintained in foreign currency abroad.
VOSTRO account means 'Your account with our bank' — maintained in INR by foreign banks in India.
The Spot Rate involves settlement within T+2 (two business days) of the deal date.
RBI is the sole regulator of the Forex market in India.
IBAN stands for International Bank Account Number — used in international transactions for identifying bank accounts.
A currency is said to be at Forward Premium when its Forward Rate is higher than the Spot Rate.

🚀 60-Second Revision

Remember: FEMA 1999 governs forex in India; RBI is the regulator — direct MCQ answer.
Formula: Forward Premium (%) = [(Forward - Spot) / Spot] x (12/n) x 100.
Trick: NOSTRO = Ours abroad (foreign currency); VOSTRO = Visitor's account here (INR).
Trap: Rupee Depreciation means MORE rupees per dollar — rupee is WEAKER, not stronger.
Rule: Ask Rate is always higher than Bid Rate; bank sells at Ask, buys at Bid.
Remember: Spot Rate = settlement in 2 working days; Forward Rate = future settlement date.
Trap: Do not confuse SWIFT (messaging network) with IBAN (account identification number) — both appear in MCQs.

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