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IT & Computers

SBI Clerk · General Awareness

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Core Concept

Read this first — the foundation of the topic

💡Key Computer Components

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain that executes instructions. RAM (Random Access Memory) provides temporary storage for running programs. ROM (Read Only Memory) stores permanent instructions like BIOS. Storage devices like hard drives and SSDs keep data permanently.

Input devices include keyboard and mouse. Output devices include monitor and printer

→Computer Generations

First generation (1940s-1950s) used vacuum tubes. Second generation (1950s-1960s) used transistors. Third generation (1960s-1970s) used integrated circuits. Fourth generation (1970s-present) uses microprocessors.

Fifth generation (present-future) focuses on artificial intelligence. Memory Units

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Formula Block

Memorise — at least one formula appears in every paper

1 Byte = 8 Bits

1 KB = 1024 Bytes

1 MB = 1024 KB

1 GB = 1024 MB

1 TB = 1024 GB

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Exam Patterns

What examiners ask — read before attempting PYQs

SSC CGL frequently asks about computer generations, memory units conversion, basic components, and famous personalities in computing. Questions often test the difference between RAM and ROM, input-output devices classification, and historical developments. Memory Conversion Shortcut: Remember the sequence - Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB, TB. Each step multiplies by approximately 1000 (exactly 1024). For quick calculations, use 1000 instead of 1024 for rough estimates.

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Worked Example

Solve this step-by-step before moving on

1

Step 1

Use the conversion 1 GB = 1024 MB

2

Step 2

Divide 2048 by 1024

3

Step 3

2048 ÷ 1024 = 2

4

Step 4

Therefore, 2048 MB = 2 GB Another quick method: Since 2048 = 2 × 1024, we get 2 GB directly. Operating System Basics: Windows, Linux, and MacOS are popular operating systems. They manage hardware resources, provide user interface, and run applications. DOS (Disk Operating System) was an early command-line system. Network Fundamentals: LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers in small areas. WAN (Wide Area Network) covers large geographical areas. Internet is the largest WAN. Protocols like TCP/IP govern data transmission. Programming Languages: Machine language uses binary code. Assembly language uses mnemonics. High-level languages like C, Java, and Python are human-readable. Compilers convert high-level code to machine code. Common Mistake: Students often confuse RAM with storage capacity. RAM is temporary memory that gets erased when power is off. Storage (hard drive) is permanent memory that retains data. Also, many mix up input and output devices - remember input goes INTO the computer, output comes OUT of it.

🔑 Key Points

Computer processes data in binary language using 0s and 1s only
RAM is temporary memory, ROM is permanent memory
1 Byte = 8 Bits, 1 KB = 1024 Bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB
CPU is the brain of computer that executes all instructions
Fifth generation computers focus on Artificial Intelligence
LAN covers small area, WAN covers large geographical area
Compiler converts high-level programming language to machine code
Von Neumann architecture stores data and instructions in same memory

📌 Exam Facts

First computer ENIAC was developed in 1946 using vacuum tubes
Charles Babbage is called Father of Computer for Analytical Engine
UNIVAC-1 was the first commercial computer launched in 1951
Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor released in 1971
ARPANET was the predecessor of Internet, started in 1969
1 TB (Terabyte) equals 1024 GB (Gigabytes) exactly
ASCII code uses 7 bits to represent 128 different characters
World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989

🚀 60-Second Revision

Remember: RAM temporary, ROM permanent, Storage permanent
Formula: 1 KB = 1024 Bytes, quick trick use 1000 for estimates
Generations: Vacuum tubes → Transistors → ICs → Microprocessors → AI
Trap: Don't confuse input devices with output devices
Key Names: Charles Babbage (Father), Tim Berners-Lee (WWW)
Memory order: Bit < Byte < KB < MB < GB < TB
Network: LAN (local area), WAN (wide area), Internet (largest WAN)

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