Question 1

Which Vedic text is the oldest and forms the foundation of Hindu philosophy?

Accepted Answer

The Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda) and is composed of 1,028 hymns. It was composed during the early Vedic period (c. 1500–1200 BCE) and is the oldest known text in any Indo-European language.

Question 2

Which Mauryan emperor is credited with the construction of the famous Sanchi Stupa?

Accepted Answer

The Sanchi Stupa was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka during the Mauryan period (3rd century BCE). It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and contains relics of Buddha. The stupa was later expanded during the Shunga period but its foundation and primary construction are attributed to Ashoka.

Question 3

The Indus Valley Civilization is also known by which other name, derived from one of its major excavated sites?

Accepted Answer

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE) is also called the Harappan Civilization, named after the site of Harappa in present-day Punjab, Pakistan, where it was first excavated in 1921. Another major site, Mohenjo-daro, was also discovered around the same period.

Question 4

In which year did the Kalinga War take place, which led to Emperor Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism?

Accepted Answer

The Kalinga War was fought in 261 BCE between the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga (modern-day Odisha). The brutal war and massive casualties prompted Ashoka to renounce violence and embrace Buddhism, fundamentally changing his reign and policies.

Question 5

In which year did the Kalinga War take place, after which Emperor Ashoka renounced violence?

Accepted Answer

The Kalinga War was fought in 261 BCE between the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka and the state of Kalinga (modern-day Odisha). The massive casualties and destruction led Ashoka to embrace Buddhism and renounce military conquest, marking a significant turning point in his reign.

Question 6

Which ancient Indian dynasty is known for its contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and the concept of zero?

Accepted Answer

The Gupta Empire (320–550 CE) is renowned for its golden age of science, mathematics, and astronomy. Aryabhata and Varahamihira were prominent mathematicians and astronomers of this period. The concept of zero and the decimal system were developed during the Gupta era, revolutionizing mathematics globally.

Question 7

Which Mauryan emperor is credited with the construction of the famous Sanchi Stupa?

Accepted Answer

The Sanchi Stupa was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka during the Mauryan Empire (3rd century BCE). It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and contains relics of Buddha. The stupa is located in present-day Madhya Pradesh.

Question 8

The Indus Valley Civilization is also known by which other name?

Accepted Answer

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE) is also called the Harappan Civilization, named after the city of Harappa in present-day Punjab, Pakistan, where archaeological evidence was first discovered in 1921.

Question 9

Which ruler of the Mauryan Empire is known as 'Chandragupta' and is credited with founding the empire?

Accepted Answer

Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322–298 BCE) founded the Mauryan Empire after overthrowing the Nanda dynasty with the help of his mentor Chanakya (Kautilya). He established the first large-scale centralized empire in India and laid the foundation for Ashoka's later reign.

Question 10

The Indus Valley Civilization is also known by which other name based on its major excavated sites?

Accepted Answer

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE) is also called the Harappan Civilization, named after the city of Harappa in present-day Pakistan, where major archaeological excavations were conducted. Other significant sites include Mohenjo-daro, which revealed the advanced urban planning of this civilization.

Question 11

Which ancient Indian text, composed during the Vedic period, is the oldest known Veda and contains hymns dedicated to various deities?

Accepted Answer

The Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas and is believed to have been composed between 1500–1200 BCE during the Early Vedic period. It contains 1,028 hymns (suktas) organized into 10 books (mandalas) and is dedicated to various Vedic deities such as Indra, Agni, and Soma. It is also the oldest known text in any Indo-European language.

Question 12

The Vedic period in ancient India is traditionally divided into two main phases. Which of the following correctly identifies these two phases?

Accepted Answer

The Vedic period (c. 1500–500 BCE) is divided into the Rigvedic or Early Vedic period (c. 1500–1200 BCE) and the Later Vedic period (c. 1200–500 BCE). The Early Vedic period is characterized by the composition of the Rigveda and pastoral economy, while the Later Vedic period saw the composition of other Vedas and the development of agriculture and social hierarchy.

Question 13

Which Gupta emperor is known as the 'Napoleon of India' for his extensive military conquests and territorial expansion?

Accepted Answer

Samudragupta (ruled 335–375 CE), the second major emperor of the Gupta Empire, is often called the 'Napoleon of India' due to his remarkable military campaigns that expanded Gupta territory across much of the Indian subcontinent. His reign marked the peak of Gupta power and cultural achievement.

Question 14

Which Mauryan emperor is credited with the conquest of Kalinga and the subsequent adoption of Buddhism as his guiding philosophy?

Accepted Answer

Ashoka the Great, the third Mauryan emperor, conquered Kalinga (modern-day Odisha) around 260 BCE. The brutal war resulted in massive casualties, which deeply moved Ashoka and led him to embrace Buddhism and non-violence (Ahimsa). He subsequently spread Buddhism across Asia and erected rock edicts throughout his empire.

Question 15

Which Mauryan emperor is credited with the conquest of Kalinga and subsequently embraced Buddhism, as evidenced by his Rock Edicts?

Accepted Answer

Ashoka (ruled 268–232 BCE) conquered Kalinga in 261 BCE. The bloody conquest caused him remorse, leading to his conversion to Buddhism and the issuance of Rock Edicts across his empire promoting Dhamma (Buddhist principles).

Question 16

The Indus Valley Civilization is primarily dated to which period?

Accepted Answer

The Indus Valley Civilization (also called Harappan Civilization) flourished from approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE during the Bronze Age. This is the mature phase; the early phase dates to around 3300 BCE.

Question 17

Which Gupta emperor is known as 'Vikramaditya' and is credited with significant military conquests and the patronage of Sanskrit literature?

Accepted Answer

Chandragupta II (ruled 375–415 CE), also known as Vikramaditya, was a prominent Gupta emperor. He expanded the empire through military campaigns, defeated the Shakas, and patronized scholars like Kalidasa and Aryabhata, making the Gupta period a golden age of Indian culture.

Question 18

The Vedic period in ancient India is divided into two main phases. Which of the following correctly identifies these phases?

Accepted Answer

The Vedic period (c. 1500–500 BCE) is divided into the Early Vedic (Rigvedic) period (c. 1500–1200 BCE) and the Later Vedic period (c. 1200–500 BCE). The Early Vedic period is characterized by the composition of the Rigveda and pastoral society, while the Later Vedic period saw the composition of other Vedas and the rise of kingdoms.

Question 19

Which of the following was the capital of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka?

Accepted Answer

Pataliputra (modern-day Patna in Bihar) was the capital of the Mauryan Empire. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and remained the capital under his successors, including Ashoka. The city was known for its grandeur, fortifications, and administrative importance.

Question 20

The Indus Valley Civilization flourished during which period, and what was its primary script characteristic?

Accepted Answer

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE, peak 2600–1900 BCE) is one of the world's oldest urban civilizations. Its script, known as the Indus script, remains undeciphered to date. It contains approximately 400–600 distinct signs and was written from right to left, as evidenced by seals and pottery.

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