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Indian Constitution — Basics

SBI Clerk · General Awareness

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Fundamental Rights & Duties →

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Core Concept

Read this first — the foundation of the topic

→Core Features

The Constitution has three main parts - the Preamble (introduction), 395 Articles (main rules), and 12 Schedules (detailed lists). It is the longest written Constitution in the world. The Constitution can be changed through amendments. So far, 105 amendments have been made

💡Key Properties

The Constitution is both rigid and flexible. Some parts need special majority (more than 50% votes) to change, while others need simple majority. It establishes a federal system with Central and State governments. It guarantees Fundamental Rights to all citizens and sets Fundamental Duties.

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Exam Patterns

What examiners ask — read before attempting PYQs

→Common topics include

Preamble keywords, Constitutional Assembly members, amendment process, and important articles. Questions often test dates, names, and article numbers

⚡Shortcut Formula

JUSTICE = Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (Preamble objectives)

💡Remember

26/11/1949 (adopted), 26/1/1950 (enforced). Use 'Double 26' trick

✏️Worked Example 1

1

Identify the category - Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35)

2

Education rights are in Articles 21A and 45

3

Article 21A = Right to Education (6-14 years)

4

Article 45 = Early childhood care (0-6 years) Answer: Article 21A Worked Example 2: Question - 'How many members were in the Constituent Assembly?'

1

Original strength = 389 members

2

After partition = 299 members left

3

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President

4

Assembly had 11 sessions over 2 years 11 months Answer: 299 members (after partition)

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Shortcuts

Use these to save 30–60 seconds per question

⚠️Most Common Mistake

Students confuse adoption date (26 Nov 1949) with enforcement date (26 Jan 1950)

💡Remember

Constitution was written first, then implemented later. Many students also mix up article numbers for similar rights. Always check if the question asks for specific age groups or general rights.

🔑 Key Points

Indian Constitution adopted on 26 Nov 1949, enforced on 26 Jan 1950
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is Father of Indian Constitution
Longest written Constitution in the world with 395 articles
Constituent Assembly had 299 members after partition
Preamble contains Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Shortcut: Double 26 rule - 26/11 and 26/1 for key dates
Amendment types: Simple, Special, Special+States majority
Part III = Fundamental Rights, Part IV = Directive Principles
Schedule memory: 1st=States, 7th=Powers, 12th=Panchayati Raj
105 Constitutional amendments passed till now

📌 Exam Facts

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was President of Constituent Assembly
Article 21A provides Right to Education for ages 6-14 years
Constitution has 22 Parts and 12 Schedules currently
42nd Amendment (1976) called 'Mini Constitution'
Article 368 deals with Constitutional amendment procedure
Constituent Assembly took 2 years 11 months to draft Constitution
H.V.R. Iengar was Secretary of Constituent Assembly
Constitution originally had 395 articles in 22 parts

🚀 60-Second Revision

Remember: Double 26 dates - 26/11/1949 adoption, 26/1/1950 enforcement
Formula: JUSTICE = Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity for Preamble
Key numbers: 299 CA members, 395 articles, 105 amendments
Trap: Don't confuse Article 21A (education 6-14) with Article 45 (care 0-6)
Quick recall: Part III=Rights, Part IV=Duties, Dr. Ambedkar=Father
Amendment shortcut: Simple/Special/Special+States based on topic type

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