Question 1

Which of the following is NOT included in the Fundamental Duties as per Article 51A of the Indian Constitution?

Accepted Answer

Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment (1976), lists 11 Fundamental Duties of citizens. These include respecting the Constitution, promoting harmony, protecting environment, and developing scientific temper. The right to education is a Fundamental Right (Article 21A), not a Fundamental Duty.

Question 2

The 42nd Amendment to the Indian Constitution, which added Fundamental Duties, was passed in which year?

Accepted Answer

The 42nd Amendment was passed in 1976 during the Emergency declared by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. This amendment added Article 51A, which lists the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens. It is often called the 'Mini Constitution' due to the extent of changes it made.

Question 3

Which Article of the Indian Constitution provides the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

Accepted Answer

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution grants the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It states: 'The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.' This article is considered the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 4

Which of the following rights was added to the Fundamental Rights through the 86th Amendment to the Indian Constitution?

Accepted Answer

The 86th Amendment (2002) added Article 21A, which makes free and compulsory education a Fundamental Right for all children aged 6 to 14 years. This amendment changed education from a Directive Principle of State Policy (Article 45) to a Fundamental Right, making it enforceable in courts.

Question 5

Which Article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws?

Accepted Answer

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws to all persons within the territory of India. This is one of the most fundamental and non-suspendable rights even during a national emergency.

Question 6

Which of the following Fundamental Duties was added to Article 51A by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002?

Accepted Answer

The 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added a new Fundamental Duty in Article 51A(k), which requires parents and guardians to provide opportunities for education to their children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. This amendment also made education a Fundamental Right under Article 21A.

Question 7

Under which Article of the Indian Constitution are Fundamental Duties of citizens listed?

Accepted Answer

Article 51A of the Indian Constitution lists the Fundamental Duties of citizens. These duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 and include duties such as respecting the Constitution, protecting sovereignty, and promoting harmony.

Question 8

Which Article of the Indian Constitution provides the Right to Constitutional Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

Accepted Answer

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution provides the Right to Constitutional Remedies. It empowers citizens to move the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights through writs such as Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto. This article is considered the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 9

The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 added Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution. Under which Article are these duties listed?

Accepted Answer

The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (also called the 'Mini Constitution') added Part IVA to the Constitution, which contains Fundamental Duties. These duties are listed in Article 51A and include duties to uphold the Constitution, respect the national flag, and promote harmony among citizens.

Question 10

Which of the following rights was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978?

Accepted Answer

The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 removed the Right to Property from the status of a Fundamental Right (originally Article 31) and made it a Constitutional Right under Article 300A. This amendment also limited the President's emergency powers and made several other significant changes.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT listed as a Fundamental Duty under Article 51A of the Indian Constitution?

Accepted Answer

Article 51A lists 11 Fundamental Duties of citizens, including: respecting the Constitution, defending the nation, promoting harmony, preserving heritage, protecting environment, developing scientific temper, safeguarding public property, and striving for excellence. However, 'Right to Vote' is a political right, not a Fundamental Duty. The right to vote is governed by the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and is not listed as a Fundamental Duty.

Question 12

The 44th Amendment to the Indian Constitution, passed in 1978, made significant changes to Fundamental Rights. Which of the following was a key change introduced by the 44th Amendment?

Accepted Answer

The 44th Amendment (1978) made several important changes: (1) Removed the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights (Article 19 and 31 were modified), converting it to a Constitutional Right under Article 300A, (2) Restored the right to equality and freedom of speech that were curtailed during the Emergency (42nd Amendment period), (3) Restricted the President's emergency powers. The removal of the right to property as a Fundamental Right was a major change.

Question 13

Under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, which freedom is NOT explicitly guaranteed as a Fundamental Right?

Accepted Answer

Article 19 guarantees six freedoms: (1) freedom of speech and expression, (2) freedom to assemble peaceably, (3) freedom to form associations, (4) freedom to move freely, (5) freedom to reside and settle, and (6) freedom to practice any profession or trade. Freedom of religion is guaranteed separately under Article 25, not Article 19.

Question 14

Under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, which freedom is NOT explicitly guaranteed as a Fundamental Right?

Accepted Answer

Article 19 guarantees six freedoms: (1) Freedom of speech and expression, (2) Freedom to assemble peaceably, (3) Freedom to form associations, (4) Freedom to move freely, (5) Freedom to reside and settle, and (6) Freedom to practice any profession or trade. The right to education is guaranteed separately under Article 21A (added by 86th Amendment, 2002), not Article 19.

Question 15

Which article of the Indian Constitution provides the right to constitutional remedies for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

Accepted Answer

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution provides the right to constitutional remedies for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari) to protect fundamental rights. Article 226 provides similar powers to High Courts for fundamental rights and other legal rights.

Question 16

Which Article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Equality before law and equal protection of the laws to all citizens?

Accepted Answer

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution, which is part of the Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35), explicitly states: 'The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.' This is the foundational equality right and applies to all persons, not just citizens.

Question 17

Which article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty as a Fundamental Right?

Accepted Answer

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states 'No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.' This is a core Fundamental Right that has been extensively interpreted by Indian courts to include rights like right to health, education, and dignified living. It is one of the most important provisions protecting individual freedoms.

Question 18

The 42nd Amendment to the Indian Constitution, passed in 1976, is often called the 'Mini Constitution' because it made significant changes. Which of the following was NOT a change introduced by the 42nd Amendment?

Accepted Answer

The 42nd Amendment (1976) made major changes including: (1) Adding 'Socialist' and 'Secular' to the Preamble, (2) Reducing the President's discretionary powers, (3) Adding Fundamental Duties (Article 51A), (4) Changing 'subjects' to 'citizens' in Article 1. However, it did NOT introduce the concept of Fundamental Rights — those were part of the original Constitution (Articles 12–35).

Question 19

Which Fundamental Duty was added to Article 51A by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002, and what was the corresponding change made to Fundamental Rights?

Accepted Answer

The 86th Amendment Act, 2002, removed the Fundamental Duty to promote family planning from Article 51A(e) and replaced it with a duty to provide free and compulsory education to children. Simultaneously, the amendment added Article 21A, making the right to free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 a Fundamental Right. This amendment reduced the number of Fundamental Duties from 11 to 10 while elevating education from a duty to a right.

Question 20

Article 19 of the Indian Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression, but this right is subject to reasonable restrictions. Which of the following is NOT a valid ground for imposing restrictions under Article 19(2)?

Accepted Answer

Article 19(1)(a) guarantees freedom of speech and expression, but Article 19(2) permits reasonable restrictions in the interests of: sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, and contempt of court. Restrictions for 'national development' or 'economic policy' are not constitutionally valid grounds.

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