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SSC CGL Biology — Human Body

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This page covers SSC CGL Biology — Human Body with complete concept notes, 31 graded practice MCQs, key points and exam-specific tips. Free to study.

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Concept Notes

Biology — Human Body— Rules & Concept

Core ConceptRead this first — the foundation of the topic

HUMAN BODY — BIOLOGY (SSC CGL Special) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

CORE CONCEPT ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

The human body is a system of organs that work together to keep us alive. For SSC CGL, you need to know the key organs, their functions, blood composition, vitamins, hormones, and deficiency diseases. These topics appear in nearly every paper — sometimes 2 to 3 questions at once. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

KEY SYSTEMS AND RULES ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. BLOOD AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Blood has 4 components: Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), Platelets, Plasma.

- RBC carries oxygen using a protein called Haemoglobin. Haemoglobin contains IRON. - WBC fights infection. It is called the 'Soldier of the body.'

- Platelets help in blood clotting. - Normal blood pH = 7.35 to 7.45 (slightly alkaline).

- Normal RBC count: 4.5 to 5.5 million per cubic mm. - Human heart beats approx. 72 times per minute at rest.

- Trick to remember: RBC = Red = Iron = Oxygen. WBC = White = Warrior. 2. VITAMINS —

Formula BlockMemorise — at least one formula appears in every paper

Vitamin A — Night blindness (deficiency). Source: Carrots, milk.

Vitamin B1 — Beriberi. Source: Rice husk.

Vitamin B2 — Ariboflavinosis (cracked lips). Source: Eggs.

Vitamin B12 — Pernicious Anaemia. Contains COBALT.

Vitamin C — Scurvy. Source: Citrus fruits. Only vitamin that is an antioxidant acid (Ascorbic Acid).

Vitamin D — Rickets (in children), Osteomalacia (in adults). Made by skin using SUNLIGHT.

Vitamin E — Infertility.

Vitamin K — Blood clotting failure. Made by intestinal bacteria.

ShortcutsUse these to save 30–60 seconds per question
1

1 — Vitamin Type: Fat-Soluble = A, D, E, K → Remember: 'ADEK' (A Dog Eats Kibble) Water-Soluble = B complex, C SHORTCUT TRICK 2 — Deficiency Disease Memory Chain: 'A Night, B Beri, C Scurvy, D Rickets, K Klot' (K = Klotting/Clotting)

2

HORMONES AND GLANDS - Pituitary Gland = Master Gland of the body (controls all other glands). - Thyroid Gland = Controls body metabolism. Deficiency of Iodine causes Goitre. - Pancreas = Produces Insulin (controls blood sugar). Lack of Insulin = Diabetes Mellitus. - Adrenal Gland = 'Fight or Flight' hormone = Adrenaline. - Ovaries/Testes = Reproductive hormones (Estrogen/Testosterone). SHORTCUT TRICK 3 — Pancreas = INSULIn = Sugar control. Think: 'INSULIn INSULates Sugar.'

3

IMPORTANT ORGANS - Largest organ = Skin. - Largest internal organ = Liver (also the heaviest). - Smallest bone = Stapes (in ear). - Largest bone = Femur (thigh bone). - Kidney filters blood and removes urea. Basic unit = Nephron. - Brain has 3 main parts: Cerebrum (thinking), Cerebellum (balance), Medulla Oblongata (breathing, heartbeat). ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Exam PatternsWhat examiners ask — read before attempting PYQs

— WHAT GETS ASKED ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ SSC CGL most frequently asks: - Vitamin deficiency diseases (appears in almost every paper) - Name of hormones and their glands - Largest/smallest/heaviest organ or bone - Function of specific organs - Blood groups and Rh factor ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Worked ExampleSolve this step-by-step before moving on
1
Step 1

Recall trick — 'C Scurvy.'

2
Step 2

Vitamin C = Ascorbic Acid.

3
Step 3

Scurvy = bleeding gums, weak immunity. Answer: Vitamin C. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ WORKED EXAMPLE 2 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Q: Which gland is called the Master Gland?

1
Step 1

Remember — Master controls others.

2
Step 2

Pituitary Gland controls all endocrine glands.

3
Step 3

It is located at the base of the brain. Answer: Pituitary Gland. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Exam TrapsCommon mistakes students make — avoid these

— NUMBER 1 TRAP ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Students confuse Liver and Skin as the largest organ. SKIN is the LARGEST organ of the body. LIVER is the largest INTERNAL organ.

SSC CGL deliberately uses this to trap students. Always check if the question says 'internal' or not.

Key Points to Remember

  • Skin is the LARGEST organ; Liver is the largest INTERNAL organ — do not confuse these two.
  • Vitamins A, D, E, K are Fat-Soluble. Trick: ADEK = 'A Dog Eats Kibble'.
  • Vitamins B and C are Water-Soluble and excess is excreted through urine.
  • Deficiency chain: Vitamin A = Night blindness, B1 = Beriberi, C = Scurvy, D = Rickets, K = Clotting failure.
  • Pituitary Gland = Master Gland; controls all other endocrine glands; located at base of brain.
  • Insulin is produced by Pancreas; absence or shortage of Insulin causes Diabetes Mellitus.
  • Haemoglobin contains Iron and is present in RBC; it carries oxygen to body cells.
  • Normal human blood pH = 7.35 to 7.45 (slightly alkaline); heart beats ~72 times per minute at rest.
  • Largest bone = Femur (thigh); Smallest bone = Stapes (in the ear).
  • Vitamin B12 contains Cobalt; Vitamin D is synthesised by skin on exposure to sunlight.

Exam-Specific Tips

  • Vitamin C is chemically known as Ascorbic Acid and its deficiency causes Scurvy (bleeding gums).
  • The Pituitary Gland is called the Master Gland of the human body and is located at the base of the brain.
  • Insulin hormone is secreted by the Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas.
  • The smallest bone in the human body is Stapes, located in the middle ear.
  • Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults; it is synthesised by skin using sunlight.
  • Normal human blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly alkaline.
  • Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and is synthesised by bacteria in the large intestine.
  • The basic functional unit of the Kidney is called the Nephron.
Practice MCQs

Biology — Human Body — Practice Questions

31graded MCQs · easy to hard · full solution & trap analysis · showing 20 of 31

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Practice 1easy

Which of the following is the primary function of hemoglobin in the human body?

Practice 2easy

Which part of the human body produces insulin?

Practice 3easy

Which of the following is the primary function of haemoglobin in the human body?

Practice 4easy

Which of the following glands secretes insulin in the human body?

Practice 5easy

The enzyme responsible for breaking down starch into glucose in the human digestive system is:

Practice 6easy

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by the human body and does NOT need to be obtained from external dietary sources?

Practice 7easy

Vitamin C deficiency in the human body leads to which disease?

Practice 8easy

Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of which protein in the human body?

Practice 9easy

Which of the following hormones is produced by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels?

Practice 10easy

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the human heart?

Practice 11easy

How many chambers does the human heart have?

Practice 12medium

The hormone insulin is produced by which type of cell in the pancreas?

Practice 13medium

Vitamin B12 is essential for the formation of red blood cells. Which of the following is the primary source of Vitamin B12 in the human diet?

Practice 14medium

Which of the following blood groups is considered the universal donor in blood transfusion?

Practice 15medium

Vitamin B12 deficiency in the human body primarily leads to which of the following conditions?

Practice 16medium

The human heart has four chambers. Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Practice 17medium

Which of the following is the primary function of the small intestine in the human digestive system?

Practice 18medium

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells?

Practice 19medium

The human skeleton serves multiple functions. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

Practice 20medium

Which of the following statements about the human kidney is correct?

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60-Second Revision — Biology — Human Body

  • Remember: Skin = Largest organ (overall); Liver = Largest internal organ. SSC uses this as a direct trap question.
  • Formula: Fat-Soluble Vitamins = ADEK. Water-Soluble = B and C. Excess of water-soluble vitamins is passed out in urine.
  • Trick: Deficiency chain — A (Night blindness) → B1 (Beriberi) → C (Scurvy) → D (Rickets) → K (Clotting failure).
  • Remember: Pituitary = Master Gland. Pancreas = Insulin = Sugar control. Thyroid + Iodine deficiency = Goitre.
  • Trap: Vitamin D is NOT obtained only from food — it is also made by the SKIN when exposed to sunlight.
  • Remember: Largest bone = Femur. Smallest bone = Stapes. Heart beats = 72 per minute. Blood pH = 7.35 to 7.45.
  • Formula anchor: Haemoglobin has Iron (carries O2). Vitamin B12 has Cobalt. These metal-vitamin links are direct MCQ answers.
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